INTRODUCTION Vascular access for hemodialysis can be established by forming an arteriovenous fistula or graft, or by placing a venous or intraperitoneal catheter. Due to lower rates of infection and thrombosis, as well as better blood flow, formation of an arteriovenous (AV) fistula is the gold...

INTRODUCTION Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) represents a rare and frequently underrecognized type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), characterized by intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. A specific etiological factor has not been determined yet. The pathogenesis of the disease...

INTRODUCTION Vaccine hesitancy is the delay in accepting or refusing vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services. It is a complex and context-specific issue varying across time and location. Additionally, vaccine hesitancy is not uniform: parents may accept some vaccines but delay...